Gandhi’s Influence Sparked a Revolutionary Approach to Engineering
An Indian Innovator Promotes Frugal High Technology for the Poor
Edd Gent is a Contributing Editor for IEEE Spectrum.
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar strives to bring the benefits of technology to everyone.
The teachings of Mahatma Gandhi were arguably India’s greatest contribution to the 20th century. Raghunath Anant Mashelkar has drawn inspiration from this wisdom to develop a frugal form of innovation he terms “Gandhian engineering.” Having experienced humble beginnings, Mashelkar is determined to ensure the equitable distribution of scientific and technological benefits. His philosophy can be summarized as “more from less for more.” He has led India’s premier R&D organization, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and has advised various governments.
What inspired Gandhian engineering?
Mashelkar: Two quotes from Gandhi significantly influenced me. The first states that “The world has enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for everyone’s greed.” This suggests that in a world with limited resources, one should strive to achieve more from less. He also mentioned that the benefits of science must be accessible to all, including the underprivileged. When combined, they echo “more from less for more.” Additionally, my personal background played a role; I come from a very poor family, and my mother struggled to support us after my father passed away when I was six. I walked barefoot until twelve and studied under streetlights, an experience that instilled in me a sense of resource-driven innovation.
How is Gandhian engineering distinct from traditional innovation models?
Mashelkar: Unlike conventional engineering, which is often market-driven, Gandhian engineering prioritizes applications and impacts. We focus on the end user and aim to enhance humanity’s well-being. While standard engineering seeks to generate more with more, our approach concentrates on designing high-quality technologies that are affordable for those in need.
The Jaipur foot is a light, durable, and affordable prosthetic.
What is your favorite application of Gandhian engineering?
Mashelkar: My favorite example is the Jaipur foot. While sophisticated prosthetic devices can cost thousands of dollars, the Jaipur foot is priced at just [US] and maintains exceptional quality. A video demonstrates its flexibility and utility, showcasing an individual climbing a tree and running a kilometer in just 4 minutes and 30 seconds.
What must occur for Gandhian engineering to gain traction?
Mashelkar: Our youth display remarkable innovation and motivation, but compassion is essential. We also require increased soft funding, as traditional venture capital often demands immediate returns. Businesses should recognize the potential for profits not solely through premium offerings but also by creating excellent, affordable products for broader demographics.