Wearable displays are catching up with phones and smart watches. For decades, engineers have sought OLEDs that can bend, twist, and stretch while maintaining bright and stable light. These displays could be integrated into a new class of devices—woven into clothing fabric, for example, to show real-time information, like a runner’s speed or heart rate, without breaking or dimming.
But engineers have always encountered a trade-off: the more you stretch these materials, the dimmer they become. Now, a group co-led by Yury Gogotsi, a materials scientist at Drexel University in Philadelphia, has found a way around the problem by employing a special class of materials called MXenes—which Gogotsi helped discover—that maintain brightness while being significantly stretched.
The team developed an OLED that can stretch to twice its original size while keeping a steady glow. It also converts electricity into light more efficiently than any stretchable OLED before it, reaching a record 17 percent external quantum efficiency—a measure of how efficiently a device turns electricity into light.
The “Perfect Replacement”
Gogotsi didn’t have much experience with OLEDs when, about five years ago, he teamed up with Tae-Woo Lee, a materials scientist at Seoul National University, to develop better flexible OLEDs, driven by the ever-increasing use of flexible electronics like foldable phones.
Traditionally, the displays are built from multiple stacked layers. At the base, a cathode supplies electrons that enter the adjacent organic layers, which are designed to conduct this charge efficiently. As the electrons move through these layers, they meet positive charge injected by an indium tin oxide (ITO) film. The moment these charges combine, the organic material releases energy as light, creating the illuminated pixels that make up the image. The entire structure is sealed with a glass layer on top.
The ITO film—adhered to the glass—serves as the anode, allowing current to pass through the organic layers without blocking the generated light. “But it’s brittle. It’s ceramic, basically,” so it works well for flat surfaces, but can’t be bent, Gogotsi explains. There have been attempts to engineer flexible OLEDs many times before, but they failed to meaningfully overcome both flexibility and brightness limitations.
Gogotsi’s students started by creating a transparent, conducting film out of a MXene, a type of ultra-thin and flexible material with metal-like conductivity. The material is unique in its inherent ability to bend because it’s made from many two-dimensional sheets that can slide relative to each other without breaking. The film—only 10 nanometers thick—“appeared to be this perfect replacement for ITO,” Gogotsi says.
Through experimentation, Gogotsi and Lee’s shared team found that a mix of the MXene and silver nanowire would actually stretch the most while maintaining stability. “We were able to double the size, achieving 200 percent stretching without losing performance,” Gogotsi says.
The new material can also be twisted without losing its glow.Source image: Huanyu Zhou, Hyun-Wook Kim, et al.
And the new MXene film was not only more flexible than ITO, but also increased brightness by almost an order of magnitude by making the contact between the topmost light-emitting organic layer and the film more efficient.
Unlike ITO, the surface of MXenes can be chemically adjusted to make it easier for electrons to move from the electrode into the light-emitting layer. This more efficient electron flow significantly increases the brightness of the display, as evidenced by an external quantum efficiency of 17 percent, which the group claims is a record for stretchable OLEDs.
“Achieving those numbers in intrinsically stretchable OLEDs under substantial stretching is quite significant,” says Seunghyup Yoo, who runs the Integrated Organic Electronics Laboratory at South Korea’s KAIST. An external quantum efficiency of 20 percent is an important benchmark for this kind of device because it is the upper limit of efficiency dictated by the physical properties of light generation, Yoo explains.
To increase illumination, the researchers went beyond working with MXene. Lee’s group developed two additional organic layers to add into the middle of their OLED—one that directs positive charges to the light-emitting layer, ensuring that electricity is used more efficiently, and one that recycles wasted energy that would normally be lost, boosting overall brightness.
Together, the MXene layer and two organic layers allow for a notably bright and stable OLED, even when stretched. Gogotsi thinks the subsequent OLED is “very successful” because it combines both brightness and stretchability, while, historically, engineers have only been able to achieve one or the other.
“The performance that they are able to achieve in this work is an important advancement,” says Sihong Wang, a molecular engineer at the University of Chicago who also develops stretchable OLED materials. Wang also notes that the 200 percent stretchability that Gogotsi’s group attained is beyond robust for wearable applications.
Wearables and Healthcare
A stretchable OLED that maintains its brightness has uses in many settings, including industrial environments, robotics, wearable clothing and devices, and communications, Gogotsi says, although he’s most excited about its adoption in health-monitoring devices. He sees a near future in which displays for diagnostics and treatment become embedded in clothing or “epidermal electronics,” comparing their function to smart watches.
Before these displays can come to market, however, stability issues inherent to all stretchable OLEDs need to be solved, Wang says. Current materials are not able to sustain light emissions for long enough to serve customers in the ways they require.
Finding housings to protect them is also a problem. “You need a stretchable encapsulation material that can protect the central device without allowing oxygen and moisture to permeate,” Wang says.
Yoo agrees: He says it’s a tough problem to solve because the best protective layers are rigid and not very stretchable. He notes yet another challenge in the way of commercialization, which is “developing stretchable displays that do not exhibit image distortion.”
Regardless, Gogotsi is excited about the future of stretchable OLEDs. “We started with computers occupying the room, then moved to our desktops, then to laptops, then we got smartphones and iPads, but still we carry stuff with us,” he says. “Flexible displays can be on the sleeve of your jacket. They can be rolled into a tube or folded and put in your pocket. They can be everywhere.”
